Self-regulation

In their early years, children are just beginning to learn about emotions and feelings, and how to manage them. 

From time to time, most young children display behaviours such as aggression, emotional outbursts and inattention. Gradually, children learn what situations are likely to upset them and how they can handle emotions better when these situations arise. This learning continues into adolescence.

Individuals are unique

Children vary in the way they perceive, respond and interact with the world around them. 
They vary in how they switch between moods (with some taking longer and needing more help than others to recover from being upset), how they respond to new situations (some dive straight in while others tend to withdraw and observe from a distance), and how long they can concentrate for.

Hormones

Children’s ‘feel good’ hormones (serotonin) are higher when they experience life in their own way and in their own time. Over-scheduled children can feel rushed from one thing to another, causing stress and tiredness. High levels of stress hormones (cortisol) lessen the child’s ability to concentrate, manage conflict, problem-solve and try new things. 

Children who’ve experienced higher levels of stress in their preschool and primary years show more aggression and anxiety and aren’t as socially competent than those who’ve experienced less stress. The good news is it’s never too late for children to learn about developing their coping skills and building resilience.

In secondary school, young people experience more complex situations and relationships.

They still need support in understanding and managing their feelings.

Brain development

By adolescence, the amygdala (the part of the brain associated with emotions, impulses, aggression and instinctive behaviour) is well developed. However, the brain’s pre-frontal cortex (responsible for our ability to plan and think about the consequences of actions, solve problems and control impulses) doesn’t fully develop until a person is in their mid-20s. As a result, young people’s brains typically rely on the amygdala to make decisions and solve problems, particularly in emotionally charged situations. 

For this reason, adolescents are more likely to:

• act on impulse
• misread or misinterpret social cues and emotions
• engage in dangerous or risky behaviour.

Children and young people need repeated experiences of having their needs met by a caring adult. 

Warm, trusting and responsive care helps children to respond with appropriate emotions, internalise a positive view of themselves and others, and learn appropriate behaviour. Children and young people also develop self-management skills by watching and experiencing how other people manage their emotions.Here are some tips about how you can support the development of self-management in children and young people

Explicitly teach skills

• Talk about ways of managing upsetting situations.
• Help them to develop strategies to use when they’re feeling out of control.
• Help them express their emotions in productive ways (for example, by drawing or acting out their feelings).
• Practise mindful breathing with older children and young people.
• Explore the immediate and long-term consequences of actions.
• Promote empathy by talking about emotions and understanding how people will have different reactions to events depending on their circumstances.
• Teach problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Talk about emotions

• Acknowledge and respond to emotional communication.
• Role-model how you manage your own feelings.
• Talk about strategies to manage strong or uncomfortable emotions.

Promote a calm environment 

Environment contributes to children and young people’s self-management. Promote a calm, welcoming and encouraging environment by:  

• providing structure and predictability
• establishing age-appropriate routines and limits
• avoiding competitive experiences for young children
• including relaxation breaks in the day
• encouraging ways to release tension they might be holding in their body
• demonstrating calmness and staying in control of your own feelings and behaviours – self-awareness allows you to maximise your positive interactions with children and young people and better manage situations where they ‘push your buttons’.

Cooper, P.M. (2007). Teaching young children self-regulation through children’s books. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34, 315-322.