Understanding suicide: Information for the community

How people respond to suicide is influenced by personality, age, connection to the deceased, cultural traditions, previous experiences of death and the emotional support available.

People who have experienced other stressful situations in their lives like a marriage breakdown or death of a relative may find it harder to cope.

Common grief-related reactions include:

• shock, disbelief or numbness
• guilt or feelings of failure that the death was not prevented
• anxiety, nightmares or intrusive thoughts
• preoccupation with thoughts of the person who has died, and trying to make sense of the death and understand why it happened
• withdrawal from others
• irritability or anger
• difficulty concentrating
• changes to sleep patterns, appetite, energy and enjoyment of usual activities.

Grief can continue to affect people for weeks, months or even a year after the event. There isn’t a standard timeline for grief.

The reasons why young people die by suicide can be very complex.

Suicide is rarely the result of a single event or factor. Research shows that a wide range of biological, psychological and social factors are associated with an increased risk of suicide. Risk factors can be things that can change (such as substance use) and things that can’t change (like family history).

Risk factors include:

• mental health or drug and alcohol issues
• a past suicide attempt
• family stress or violence
• a family history of suicide
• the loss of a friend or family member
• social and geographical isolation
• being male — males have a statistically higher risk of suicide than females.

Mental health conditions are one of the strongest risk factors for suicide
Research indicates that between 70 and 91% of young people who attempt suicide or report thoughts of suicide have a mental health condition. Mental health conditions can cause changes in a young person’s thinking, behaviour and functioning, and can also increase their feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. This can then lead to thoughts about suicide.

Knowing whether a young person has any of these risk factors can help to identify vulnerable young people. However, the presence of risk factors doesn’t necessarily mean a person has had — or will ever have — suicidal thoughts. Some young people develop suicidal thoughts without having any previously identified risk factors.

While most young people cope well with stressful or traumatic events in their lives, and don’t become suicidal, watching out for common warning signs can help to identify those that may be at risk.

Some warning signs include:

• talking about wanting to hurt themselves or take their own life
• planning ways or trying to access the means to take their own life
• talking or writing about death, dying or suicide
• expressing feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, that life is not worth living
• engaging in reckless or risky behaviour without concern for their own safety
• talking or writing about being a burden to others
• increasing their use of drugs or alcohol
• withdrawing from friends, teachers and family
• undergoing noticeable changes in mood, including increased levels of anger or agitation
• taking less care in their appearance (For example, not washing, appearing dishevelled)
• giving away possessions
• saying goodbye to loved ones.

Suicide can have a profound emotional effect on the whole community.

When you speak to members of your community:

• respect the bereaved family by not engaging in gossip or speculation
• encourage help-seeking behaviours such as talking to a trusted relative or friend, counsellor or general practitioner (GP)
• encourage people to promote help-seeking to other members of the community.

Even though people may have a lot of questions, discussing details about the way a suicide occurred is potentially harmful to others. 

Try to steer the discussion towards positive help-seeking behaviours.

Suicide contagion is the process where exposure to a suicide or suicide attempt within a school, community or geographic area increases the likelihood that others will attempt suicide. This occurrence is also known as social transmission of suicidal thoughts and behaviours.

This can lead to a suicide cluster, where a number of connected suicides occur following an initial death. While it’s a rare phenomenon, young people are more vulnerable to the social transmission of suicidal thoughts and behaviours than older people. Adolescence can be a period of increased vulnerability to mental health problems. Young people strongly identify with their peer group and often have less developed coping strategies, which can increase their risk of suicide.

Glamorising or romanticising suicide may inadvertently make it seem desirable to vulnerable young people. This may contribute to the social transmission of suicidal thoughts and behaviours. 

It’s common for people to remember positive things about someone who has died recently and to focus less on the difficulties they may have been having prior to their death. While this may be well-meaning, it has the potential to encourage suicidal thoughts and behaviour in other vulnerable young people. Care needs to be taken not to give the impression that suicide was a positive outcome for the young person.

Following a suicide, the young people most at risk of suicide attempts include those who:

• have attempted suicide in the past
• were close friends or are family members of the person who died
• witnessed the death
• are dealing with stressful life events
• had contact with the person shortly before they died
• are preoccupied with thoughts of death and dying
• have experienced other losses or suicides in the past.

Suicide contagion and the media
Research has shown that the way suicide is reported in the media is important.

Some types of media coverage can increase the risk of suicide contagion. If you speak to the media, try to reinforce these principles about the reporting of suicide:

• Highlight the complexity of suicide.
• Encourage reporters to raise public awareness about the risk factors and warning signs of suicide as well as the actions that can be taken to help a suicidal person.
• Encourage reporters to provide their readers or listeners with information about local support services, local mental health services and crisis support contacts.
• Tell the media not to publish pictures of the death scene or distressed mourners.
• Focus on how the suicide has impacted the community.

It’s best to avoid:

• Discussing details about the method of suicide
• Glamorising the victim or the suicide itself. Take care not to give the impression that suicide was a positive outcome for the young person.
• Oversimplifying the cause of suicide. Suicide is rarely the result of a single factor or event. Although one event may appear to have triggered the suicide, it’s unlikely to be explained by this alone. Most people who take their own lives have had a history of problems that may not get reported in the aftermath of the suicide.

Encouraging people to get help should be the focus of any discussion about suicide, particularly when you’re talking with young people.

Young people sometimes share their feelings about death with friends — in conversations, letters, emails, text messages and online. If they suspect a friend may be about to hurt themselves, they should tell an adult immediately.

If you’re concerned about someone’s reaction or behaviour, let them know you’re worried about them and encourage them to seek help.

A memorial gives friends, families and communities the chance to mourn together, share their grief and demonstrate the significance of their loss.

While formal services such as funerals will probably be organised by the family, informal memorials are often created spontaneously by young people after a suicide. They might leave messages, flowers, photos or other items at the site where the person died or another significant place. Online memorials — on social networking sites, blogs or at a dedicated website — are also common.

While it’s beneficial for young people to grieve in this way, it’s important to memorialise the deceased person in a respectful way. Memorials should address the needs of family and friends and avoid glamorising the person or the way they died. Setting some limits around the material, content, location and length of time the memorial remains in place can reduce potential distress and risk to vulnerable people. It’s important for adults to monitor memorial sites so young people can express their grief in a safe and supported way.

After a suicide, young people are likely to turn to social media for a variety of purposes

They might send news about a death (accurate and rumoured), post messages (appropriate and inappropriate), call for impromptu gatherings and create virtual memorials.

If you’re concerned about messages you see or hear about on social media, let someone know. This could be the young person’s parents, the school principal or counsellor, local authorities or emergency services.

Concerning messages include:

• rumours
• information about upcoming or impromptu gatherings
• messages that glorify, vilify or stigmatise the deceased
• messages that bully or victimise young people
• comments indicating students who may be at risk (such as “I am going to join you soon” or “I can’t take life without you”).

Messages posted on social media platforms can quickly reach a huge number of people so they can have an enormous impact.

Think about how social media can be used in a positive way to help share health-promoting information including where young people can go for help, details of crisis services, resources that promote mental health and wellbeing, and resources about mental illness and the causes of suicide.

You can keep up to date with information about social media safety and sites used by young people on the eSafety Commissioner’s webpage. 

• The Beyond Blue Support Service provides support any time of the day or night. To talk with a trained mental health professional, please call 1300 224 636.
• headspace centres provide support, information and advice to young people aged 12 to 25
• Kids Helpline is a 24-hour telephone and online counselling service for young people aged 5 to 25: 1800 55 1800
• Lifeline is a 24-hour telephone counselling service: 13 11 14 
• Suicide Call Back Service is a 24-hour service that provides telephone, video and online counselling: 1300 659 467
• 13Yarn is a 24-hour dedicated support service for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: 13 92 76
• Your general practitioner (GP)
• A psychologist or counsellor (your GP can refer you).

American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and Suicide Prevention Resource Centre. (2011). After a Suicide: A Toolkit for Schools, Newton, MA: Education Development Centre, Inc.  

Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. (2011). LIFE Fact Sheets, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, accessed at www.livingisforeveryone.com.au Cox, G., Robinson, J.,  

Bailey, E., Jorm, A., Reavley, N., Templer, K., Parker, A., Rickwood, D., & Bhar, S. (2015). Responding to suicide in secondary schools: a Delphi Study. Melbourne: headspace National Youth Mental Health Foundation.  

Erbacher, T.A., Singer, J.B. & Poland, S (2015) Suicide in Schools: A Practitioner’s Guide to Multi-level Prevention, Assessment, Intervention, and Postvention, first edition, New York,  

Everymind. (2020). Reporting suicide and mental ill-health. A Mindframe resource for media professionals. Newcastle, Australia: Everymind. 

Routledge Gould, M.S., King, R., Greenwald, S., Fisher, P., Schwab-Stone, M., Kramer, R., Flisher, A.J., Goodman, S., Canino, G. & Shaffer, D. (1998) Psychopathology associated with suicidal ideation and attempts among children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Sep;37(9):915-23.  

Harris, E.C., Barraclough, B. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis, Br. J. Psychiatry 170, 205-228. 

Mental Health First Aid Australia. (2014). Suicidal thoughts and behaviours: Mental Health First Aid Guidelines. Melbourne: Mental Health First Aid Australia. 

South Australia Department of Education and Children’s Services, Catholic Education South Australia and Association of Independent Schools. (2010). Suicide Postvention Guidelines: a framework to assist staff in supporting their school communities in responding to suspected, attempted or completed suicide. South Australia: Government of South Australia, Department of Education and Children’s Services.